The expansion time of G-M406 in Anatolia is 12800 years ago, which corresponds to climatic improvement at the beginning of the Holocene and the commencement of sedentary hunter-forager settlements at locations, such as Gobekli Tepi in Southeast Anatolia, thought to be critical for the domestication of crops (wheat and barley) that propelled the development of the Neolithic. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. Article In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades.
Haplogroup - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics PLoS One 2011; 6: e20232. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. Google Scholar. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. . In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret, L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. The L141 mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 2948607. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA.
Origins and history of European Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. However, its sub-clades have more localized distribution with the U1-defined branch largely restricted to Near/Middle Eastern and the Caucasus, whereas L497 lineages essentially occur in Europe where they likely originated.
What is the geographic and historic origin of Y-DNA haplogroups Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. The identities of the specific 19 loci that define the STR haplotypes are reported in Supplementary Table S3 and Figure 4 legend. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 SNP mutation which characterizes this group. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events.
8 Oldest Haplogroups and the Regions they Originated From It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. [38][self-published source?] Internet Explorer). In contrast to its widely dispersed sister clade defined by P303, hg G-M406 has a peak frequency in Cappadocia, Mediterranean Anatolia and Central Anatolia (67%) and it is not detected in most other regions with considerable P303 frequency. Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. [20] The city is on the banks of the river Drava, which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods.
Haplogroup G-M285 - Wikipedia Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. To obtain [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. ), Ancient G-M201s with sequencing[self-published source?] The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The new phylogenetic and phylogeographic information provides additional insights into the demographic history and migratory events in Eurasia involving hg G. The present study comprises data from 98 populations totaling 17577 individuals, of which 1472 were members of hg G. The haplogroup frequency data are presented in Supplementary Table S1. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. Haplogroup H Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA et al. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. Science 2000; 290: 11551159. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. P287 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known in late 2007.
Haplogroup - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Ashkenazi Jewish G2a1a men with northeastern European ancestry form a distinct cluster based on STR marker values. Semino et al. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 97889791. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the Y-DNA Haplogroup G-M201 - Marres Haplogroup G-P303 - Wikipedia Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. [7], (Subclades here conform to the Y-DNA SNP definitions used by ISOGG In 2012, several categories found only in one man in research studies were removed from the ISOGG tree causing some renaming. It is provided at the request of readers. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. Article Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 588599. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years). The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. P257 was first reported in 2008. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. Its age is between 7,700 and . Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. Origin. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined.
Where did the haplogroup G-M201 originate? - Quora Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. Spallanzani, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Viola Grugni,Vincenza Battaglia,Carmela Nici,Francesca Crobu,Sena Karachanak,Baharak Hooshiar Kashani&Ornella Semino, Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy, Centro Interdipartimentale Studi di Genere, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Unit Mixte de Recherche 6578, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Etablissement Franais du Sang, Biocultural Anthropology, Medical Faculty, Universit de la Mditerrane, Marseille, France, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. Google Scholar. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. Y-STR haplotypes were used to construct phylogenetic networks for haplogroups G-P303, G-P16 and G-M377, using the program Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering, Suffolk, England, UK) and applying the median-joining algorithm.
mtDNA G | Haplogroup Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia.