white lotus rebellion

The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. ", Dai, Yingcong. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Corrections? A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Szczepanski, Kallie. Szczepanski, Kallie. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" He simply and quietly disappeared. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. View original page. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. ." A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). And so the war was waged. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. White Lotus - Wikiwand Used Lotus Evora 400 for Sale in Frisco, TX | Edmunds Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. . 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. Corrections? The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? Encyclopedia.com. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. They are not like some external tribe . [CDATA[ Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . At the . The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. . Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Omissions? It took nine years of warfare and great loss. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. 22 Feb. 2023 . Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. //Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden.