hippie communes 1960s

He bailed the hippies out of jail and told them they could live, rent free, on his beautiful 7 acre property. The Farm continues in many public-service and philanthropic enterprises through the Farm Midwifery Center, Plenty International, and other sub-organizations. [27], When they returned to San Francisco at the end of Summer 1965, Red Dog participants Luria Castell, Ellen Harman and Alton Kelley created a collective called "The Family Dog". On the other hand, Jack Kerouac broke with Ginsberg and criticized the 1960s protest movements as an "excuse for spitefulness". 4.32 avg rating 50 ratings. Hippie ideals were a marked influence on anarcho-punk and some post-punk youth cultures, such as the Second Summer of Love. Rapidly advancing technology, musical revolution, major conspiracy theories, and booming Civil Rights movements all converged in the . The intentional communities of the 1960s era were far more diverse than the stereotype of the hippie commune would suggest. Communes are farm communities and those are large amounts of backbreaking work. However, the core "hippie" philosophy remained staunchly aloof to politics, and politicians, throughout this time. a German cover model from the 1960s who embodied the dreams of the hippie generation - joins a commune, begins a modelling career, meets rock stars, and travels the world in a bus . [citation needed] The Diggers criticized the term 'hippie' with their October 1967, 'Death of Hippie' event.[39]. [9], During the first several decades of the 20th century, these beliefs were introduced to the United States as Germans settled around the country, some opening the first health food stores. As early as March 1969 the couple had conducted their first "Bed-In for Peace"; in August 1971 they moved to New York City and joined up with the Chicago Trial "Yippie" defendants and other notable activists. Two other events followed before year's end, one at California Hall and one at the Matrix. On March 8, 1965, two battalions of U.S. Marines . Contemporary hippies have made use of the World Wide Web and can be found on virtual communities. Therefore, they made LSD available to anyone interested in partaking - most famously through the "electric kool-aid" made available at a series of "Acid Tests"; musical and multi-media events where participants were given "acid", the street name for LSD. By 1970, the 1960s zeitgeist that had spawned hippie culture seemed to be on the wane,[51][52] at least in the US. In the early 1960s he . Another signal of the rising movement was the sudden appearance of an underground hippie press in several U.S. cities. "Friends are invited to attend services beginning at sunrise, October 6, 1967, at Buena Vista Park". By the 1980s, the original fascination surrounding hippie communes had largely faded, and they began dropping off the map. They were "entrepreneurial hippies," and they opened the first vegetarian restaurant in Los Angeles. . The example of Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867-1939)", "Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture", "Straight-Edge Sexauer: A radical non-conformist", "Menlo Park Division VA Palo Alto Health Care System", "Cloak and DropperThe Twisted History of the CIA and LSD - The Fix", "The Legacy of the CIA's Secret LSD Experiments on America", "Zounds, Milady! This 21-Year-Old News Anchor Got Her Job Because Of Her Huge. By the time of the convention, city officials were prepared for the worst, with 23,000 police, National Guard, and Federal troops. Hippies came from many different places and had many different backgrounds. In fact, Arizona has several cities and towns known for their hippie communities, there is one town that certainly stands out. Over fifty people ended up there during its five months of existence. Hippies tended to be dropouts from society, forgoing regular jobs and careers, although some developed small businesses that catered to other hippies. Throughout the Hippie Movement, many hippie college students were threatened with expulsion and a criminal record, just for expressing their ideas. Source: Wikipedia. The word hippie came from hipster and was used to describe beatniks who moved into New York City's Greenwich Village, in San Francisco's . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Strobe lights and a psychedelic liquid light show along with pictures of Krishna and the words of the Hare Krishna mantra were projected onto the walls of the venue. Silhouettes were androgynous there are two men in there. This 18-member "tribe" took their name from a thrift-store find: the second-hand jerseys of a Chinese-American Buddhist basketball team. Kindman, Michael. Understanding Hippie Communes. [76] Many festival goers stayed in Nimbin, transforming the town and local area. . Far out", "Eel Pie Dharma - Skinheads - Chapter 19", "God Save The Sex Pistols - Chalet Du Lac. Vermont 'hippie commune' co-founder dies at 94. There was no clear delineation between "performers" and "audience" and the music, psychedelic experimentation, unique sense of personal style, and Bill Ham's first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community.[19]. In April 1969, the building of People's Park in Berkeley, California received international attention. Beginning May 12, 1968, the newly formed Poor People's Campaign, started by the recently (April 4) assassinated Martin Luther King Jr., organized a shantytown known as Resurrection City, composed of around 3,000 black, native, and Latino militants, along with a significant contingent of hippies and diggers, encamped on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Most of the time, whenever people think of the hippies, they think of drugs, parties, naked people, etc. Eventually, a few of these Nature Boys, including the famous Gypsy Boots, made their way to Northern California in 1967, just in time for the Summer of Love in San Francisco.[11]. He uses vivid dialog along with his precise command of narrative to create an authentic account of the social and political climate of the 60s. The hippies did fit into each of these categories, but they also inspired a number of aspects of our country that most people dont know about, such as our clothing, our music, etc. Between 1976 and 1981, hippie music festivals were held on large farms around Waihi and Waikino in New Zealand- Aotearoa. As similar protests continued through the summer, President Lyndon Johnson responded by signing a new law on August 31, 1965, penalizing the burning of draft cards with up to 5 years in prison and a $1,000 fine, although such burnings went on regardless. These hippies created the largest number of intentional communities or communes in the history of the United States, forming alternative, egalitarian farms and homesteads in Northern California, Colorado, New Mexico, New York, Tennessee and other states. The Most Extreme Tribal Traditions Still Practiced Today, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. The Oregon Country Fair began in 1969 as a benefit for an alternative school. Regarding this period of history, the July 7, 1967, TIME magazine featured a cover story entitled, "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture". And if you liked this post, be sure to check out these popular posts: Each hippie commune was different: some were deeply religious communities while others were completely secular. [35] In response to the criminalization of psychedelics, San Francisco hippies staged a gathering in the Golden Gate Park panhandle, called "The Love Pageant Rally",[35] attracting an estimated 700-800 people. Habicht's treasure chest of the swinging, groovy, hippie and psychedelic Sixties in London offers his most iconic work, with many images published for the first time. They felt alienated from middle-class society, which they saw as dominated by materialism and repression. hippies dancing and playing guitar . They held many concerts in numerous places, where they came together to drink, smoke, sing, make love, dance, be together, and just be hippies. For a rare short window of time, though, hippie culture was an un-commodified movement which swept across the globe. The first draft card burnings took place May 12, 1964, in New York City. No wonder the counterculture movement of the 1960s expressed itself here in full-throated chorus. [12] Around that time, Ginsberg connected with Ken Kesey, who was participating in CIA sponsored LSD trials, at the Menlo Park Veterans' Hospital[13] where he worked as a night aide[14][15][16] while a student at Stanford. They experimented with communal or cooperative living arrangements, and they often adopted vegetarian diets based on unprocessed foods and practiced holistic medicine. Psychedelic trance or "psytrance", a type of techno music influenced by 1960s psychedelic rock and hippie culture is also popular among neo-hippies worldwide. The Source Family Band practiced every morning at 3 AM. [42] Scott McKenzie's rendition of John Phillips' song, "San Francisco", became a hit in the United States and Europe. About 300,000 people gathered to hear The Rolling Stones; Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young; Jefferson Airplane and other bands. Then, beach towns like Encinitas were occupied by hippies living on the beach, camping in Volkswagen vans, smoking pot. Others argue that it has now become too much of a commercial event, and instead opt for smaller festivals such as Beautiful Days, Sunrise Celebration, or the Big Green Gathering. [21] This was soon followed by the Berkeley Barb in August 1965,[22] the East Village Other of New York, in October 1965,[23] The Fifth Estate, in Detroit in November 1965,[24] and East Lansing's The Paper in December 1965. As Drop City gained notoriety in the 1960s underground, people from around the world came to stay and work on the construction projects. eden ahbez, a member of this group, wrote a hit song, "Nature Boy'", which was recorded in 1947 by Nat King Cole, popularizing the homegrown back-to-nature movement to mainstream America. Some hippies also used amphetamines and opiates, but they were looked down upon even by the people who used them because they were harmful and addictive. "Blowin in the Wind" Stevie Wonder. Necklaces and bracelets were worn by the dozen and made of leather, hemp, or straw. Heavy hippie presence has been noted at the Occupy Wall Street protests and has at times been ridiculed.[72]. Discover how daisies and other flowers came to stand for nonviolent protests along with psychedelic drugs, Be-ins, music festivals, and other public gatherings, The Canadian Encyclopedia - Hippies in Canada, hippie - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Maharishi Mahesh Yogi with George Harrison and John Lennon. The Stones had previously had hard rock hits such as "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (1965), and with "Paint It Black", they now combined hard rock with psychedelia. . In 1965, four art students and filmmakers, Gene Bernofsky, JoAnn Bernofsky, Richard Kallweit and Clark Richert, moved to a 7-acre (28,000m2) tract of land near Trinidad, Colorado. "Peace, love, harmony, freedom, and community" is their motto. Manson's highly publicized 1970 trial and subsequent conviction in January 1971 irrevocably tarnished the hippie image in the eyes of many Americans.[51]. In 1946, Calhoun, then Isabella Fiske and her husband Irving Fiske co-founded Rochester's Quarry Hill Creative Center "hippie commune." If you want to delve deeper into commune life, check out these videos about hippies, the communes they lived on, and the children they raised there: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJRO0qTlqDg. [45], In 1967, Stephen Gaskin began to develop a philosophy of hippie perspectives at San Francisco State College, where he taught English, creative writing, and General Semantics. [4][5][6]:3233[7] The German youth movement known as Der Wandervogel grew out of Lebensreform as a countercultural reaction to the organized social and cultural clubs that centered on German folk music. John Curl (Goodreads Author) Hippies often practiced open sexual relationships and lived in various types of family groups. Sinclair's release was suddenly approved by the state's authorities three days later, a testimony to the potential force of popular pressure; however, soon thereafter, the Nixon administration responded by seeking to have Lennon deported, on the pretext of a 1968 marijuana conviction in London. However en vogue it may be, this generation didn't invent the bohemian living. Among the first of these was the Los Angeles Free Press, which began in May 1964 as a broadside entitled The Faire Free Press. By late 1966, the Diggers opened stores which simply gave away their stock; provided free food, medical care, transport and temporary housing; they also organized free music concerts and works of political art. Though few participants would accept the "hippie" label, Burning Man is a contemporary expression of alternative community in the same spirit as early hippie events. In late September 1967, many of the shops in the district began to display a stack of 4x5 cards on their counters proclaiming "Funeral Notice for Hippie". Clip ref AB16D. These subgenres included: Many genres that first appeared in the 1970s also incorporated psychedelic influences in the beginning, such as soft rock and disco, though they soon developed their own sounds that were distinct from psychedelic music. [37], One frequently encountered theme was Asian spirituality, and Zen, dharma, "nirvana", karma and yoga were "buzzwords" of the counterculture. Crone, Patrician, "Kavad's Heresy and Mazdak's Revolt", in: Iran 29 (1991), S. 2140. These and other venues provided settings where participants could partake in the full psychedelic music experience. In December 1969, a similar event took place in Altamont, California, about 30 miles (45km) east of San Francisco. Average hippies were between 15 and 25 years of age. Hippie communes were largely popular in the 1960s and are still associated today with that "back-to-the-land" philosophy and the idealistic world-view of the hippie movement. booty funk explosion - hippies 1960s stock illustrations. Religious and cultural diversity has gained greater acceptance. Daily life in the United States, 19601990. The lyrics, "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair", inspired thousands of young people from all over the world to travel to San Francisco, sometimes wearing flowers in their hair and distributing flowers to passersby, earning them the name, "Flower Children". May 29, 2017. As University of Kansas professor Timothy Miller said, Reason had run its course; now it was time to return to the mystical and intuitional the hippies rejected the industrial for the agrarian, the plastic for the natural, the synthetic for the organic.. Daley: Somewhere between 2,000 and 3,000 communes existed in the U.S. in the 1960s and '70s with about 75 in the small state of Vermont, making it one of the epicenters of the experiment. Members of the first hippie communes (though this total number ultimately reached over 2000) "believed that a group of autonomous individuals, actively seeking their self-identities, would inevitably create a nonexploitative, conflict-free environment." . "Turn! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Initially billed as "Woodstock West", its official name was The Altamont Free Concert. Turn them on, if not to drugs, then to beauty, love, honesty, fun. These were subsequently replaced by a more cynical and exploitative crowd.[40]. According to Cohen, those who took LSD were mostly idealistic people who wanted to learn more about themselves and their place in the universe, and they used LSD as an aid to meditation and to creative, artistic expression. "[43], It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in the summer of 1967. [53][54][55] Large rock concerts that originated with the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival and the 1968 Isle of Wight Festival became the norm. Why the United States Entered World War I, 123rd Machine Gun Battalion in the Meuse-Argonne, Northern Military Advantages in the Civil War, The Year Before America Entered the Great War. Although the movement arose in part as opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War (195575), hippies were often not directly engaged in politics, as opposed to their activist counterparts known as Yippies (Youth International Party). Many hippies lived in that portion of Los Angeles known as East Hollywood as well as Laurel Canyon. And while many of us may not believe it, our grandparent's generation was most likely a part of that amazing . Nov 10. The concept of "sex, drugs, and rock & roll " mutates today into the conscious intention of building . It was finally razed, after almost 6 weeks, on June 24, 1968, by 1,000 riot police using tear gas. The free spirits that emerged in the 1960s from the Beat movement made a lasting impact on American culture and you'll still find traces of their lifestyle 50 years later all around the country. Other psychedelic rock #1 hits over the years were: 1967 - "Ruby Tuesday" (The Rolling Stones), "Light My Fire" (The Doors), "The Letter" (The Box Tops); 1968 - "Hello, I Love You" (The Doors), "People Got to Be Free" (The Rascals); 1969 - "Crimson and Clover" (Tommy James and the Shondells, psychedelic garage rock); 1970 - "Venus" (Shocking Blue). As a noun, "hippie" was a play on the adjective "hip," which was used to describe young bohemians who lived . And before you go, like All That Is Interesting on Facebook. Here are 25 places that were hot spots for such gatherings in the 1960s! Neo-hippies, some of whom are children and grandchildren of the original hippies, advocate many of the same beliefs of their 1960s counterparts. Blow the mind of every straight person you can reach. Nevertheless, the oppressive political atmosphere that featured the bombing of Cambodia and shootings by National Guardsmen at Jackson State University and Kent State University still brought people together. In the 1960s and '70s, hundreds of thousands of people joined them, though most of the communities did not last long. The Beat Generation, especially those associated with the San Francisco Renaissance, gradually gave way to the 1960s era counterculture, accompanied by a shift in terminology from "beatnik" to "freak" and "hippie". While the beats were known for "playing it cool" and keeping a low profile, hippies became known for displaying their individuality. Nine adults and six children made up the original community, housed in two old houses and a barn. [18], A much larger psychedelic event, "The Trips Festival", took place on January 2123, 1966, at Longshoreman's Hall, organized by Stewart Brand, Ken Kesey, Owsley Stanley, Zach Stewart and others. A major confrontation ensued on May 15, 1969, and Governor Ronald Reagan ordered a two-week occupation of the city of Berkeley by the United States National Guard. natural childbirth, made an early Broadway appearance October 6, 1965, with the opening of a popular new play, Generation by US playwright William Goodhart, starring Henry Fonda (as Jim Bolton), which, according to one of its reviews in Time,[20] "converts a Greenwich Village loft into a sparring ground for the Establishment and the hippie, the parent and the child." The subdivision Crystal Hills was added to the municipality in the 1960s. Mainstream popularity of psychedelic music. Author/Creator: Fitch, Bob Subject: Hamrick, Donald James, 1935- and Harbinger Commune Wavy Gravy's Hog Farm provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression. [18][19][32], When San Francisco's Fox Theater went out of business, hippies bought up its costume stock, reveling in the freedom to dress up for weekly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Ginsberg was also at the infamous 1968 Democratic National Convention, and was friends with Abbie Hoffman and other members of the Chicago Seven. [3] The article also claimed that the hippies were influenced by the ideals of Jesus Christ, Hillel the Elder, Buddha, St. Francis of Assisi, Henry David Thoreau, Gandhi, and others. Marty, Myron A. The flames, ignited by the Kauai, Hawaii, county police and state officials, devoured homes, churches and community gardens that stretched through seven acres of sandy beach and shaded jungle. Hi. For many The Whole Earth Catalog, which first appeared in 1968, became a source for the necessities of life. )[10] Many moved to Southern California, where they could practice an alternative lifestyle in a warm climate. - hippies 1960s stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . In contrast to these formal clubs, Wandervogel emphasized amateur music and singing, creative dress, and communal outings involving hiking and camping. The intentional communities of the 1960s era were far more diverse than the stereotype of the hippie commune would suggest. 15 49.0138 8.38624 both 0 bullet 0 4000 1 0 . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Throughout the late 1960s and 1970s, a deep-seated social discontent developed among young people in the United States. Taylor Camp had few amenities and no electricity. [30] On Saturday January 22, the Grateful Dead and Big Brother and the Holding Company came on stage, and 6,000 people arrived to imbibe punch spiked with LSD and to witness one of the first fully developed light shows of the era. 1960s Fashion History. Current events, festivals and parties continue to promote the hippie lifestyle and values. The Yippies, especially their leaders Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, became notorious for their theatrics, such as trying to levitate the Pentagon at the October 1967 war protest, and such slogans as "Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball!" A funeral procession went from the park down Haight St and ended in the Panhandle with supporters carrying a trinket filled casket. Following the pig's nomination on the first day, Rubin and 6 others were arrested, but protests and music concerts were allowed to continue in Lincoln Park for two days, albeit an 11:00 PM curfew was enforced. Hippies were a driving force behind farmers markets, organic foods and weekly and seasonal craft and music fairs. This undated photo provided by Jim Drougas shows Isabelle "Barbara" Fiske Calhoun, who died Monday, April 28, 2014, in White River Junction, Vt. She was 94. In 1967, San Francisco's Summer of Love kicked off the hippie movement and its counter culture ethic was a psychedelic swirl of protests, free love, flower power, mind-altering drug trips and the maturation of . Hartman's favorite commune cookbook is Eat, Fast, Feast: A Tribal Cookbook of the True Light Beavers (1972). One of the first "Love Ins" took place in Elysian Park and spread from there. Named Nambassa, the festivals focused on peace, love, and a balanced lifestyle, featuring workshops and displays advocating alternative lifestyles, clean and sustainable energy, and unadulterated foods. The annual Starwood Festival, founded in 1981, is a six-day event held in Pomeroy, Ohio[73] indicative of the spiritual quest of hippies through an exploration of non-mainstream religions and world-views. When the weather warms, birds fly north along the Sandia Mountains of New Mexico swooping over the picketed steel towers on the mountains' highest point, gliding up the mountains' gray granite spine, dropping down the mountains' northern end, and coming to rest . Bands like the Grateful Dead, Big Brother and the Holding Company (with Janis Joplin), and Jefferson Airplane continued to live in the Haight, but by the end of the summer, the incessant media coverage led the Diggers to declare the "death" of the hippie with a parade. Although many of the original hippies and those who were core to the movement remained (or remain) dedicated to the values they originally espoused, many of those who played more peripheral roles are often seen as having "sold out" during the 1980s by becoming a part of the corporate, materialist culture they initially rejected.[60][61]. In the late 1960s, famed hippie prankster Hugh Romney, aka Wavy Gravy, and his nomadic band of counter-culture followers lived in this ramshackle commune, which they nicknamed the Hog Farm. It is directly influenced and inspired by the Beat Generation, and American involvement in the Vietnam War. The tradition of hippie festivals began in the United States in 1965 with Ken Kesey's Acid Tests, where the Grateful Dead played under the influence of LSD and initiated psychedelic jamming. Indeed, drugs were one of the reasons given for traversing the hippie trail. Between 1957 and 1978 some 100,000 young people from the United States and western Europe traveled overland through Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, or Greece to Turkey, India, Morocco, Iran, Afghanistan, or Nepal. Both Leary and Ginsberg were introduced to LSD by Michael Hollingshead in the early 1960s, and both became instrumental in popularizing psychedelic substances to the hippie movement. All That's Interesting is a Brooklyn-based digital publisher that seeks out stories that illuminate the past, present, and future. With the rise of Hawaii's tourism industry, the government cracked down on Taylor camp. Astrology was also popular, and the period was often referred to as the Age of Aquarius. He co-directed the 60s Communes Project, an extensive documentation effort that preserved memories and artifacts from the 1960s-era communes. Here are 25 places that were hot spots for such gatherings in the 1960s! Eugene McCarthy's brief presidential campaign successfully persuaded a significant minority of young adults to "get clean for Gene" by shaving their beards or wearing lower miniskirts; however the "Clean Genes" had little impact on the popular image in the media spotlight, of the hirsute hippie adorned in beads, feathers, flowers and bells. Singers such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez and groups such as the Beatles, Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, and Rolling Stones were among those most closely identified with the movement. 2010. And only tiny numbers of them lived there for long. You might think that the whole hippie movement has faded away, but the truth is, there are plenty of hippies out there in Colorado. The hippies were an important part of American society, even if they presented their ideas in a somewhat unorthodox way. The year 1968 also saw the development of two new, but dissimilar, genres of music that each exerted some influence on, and were influenced by, the hippie movements: Heavy metal,[48] and reggae. ATI's exclusive interview with Isis Aquarian of The Source Family. . Father Yod died in a freak hand-gliding accident in 1977 in Hawaii. The Last Great California Hippie Commune is still going Strong - How to start a subculture - Messy Nessy Chic. With these rare photos, we are able to see past the stereotypes . The article described the guidelines of the hippie code: "Do your own thing, wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. hippie, also spelled hippy, member, during the 1960s and 1970s, of a countercultural movement that rejected the mores of mainstream American life. [citation needed]. Venn diagram zone: Peace, love and public nudity. General Uncategorized 2021-11-24 Harper Sullivan. Flipboard. Omissions? There were also four births at the concert. The Beatles famously came to visit. "The center was not holding," writes Joan Didion about the fall of the 1960s in Slouching Towards Bethlehem, "It was a country of bankruptcy notices and commonplace reports of . In Australia, the hippie movement began to emerge in the mid to late 60's with the subculture being showcased at the Pilgrimage for Pop Festival held in Ourimbah, New South Wales on 24 and 25 Jan 1970. Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters are remembered chiefly for the sociological significance of a lengthy roadtrip they took in 1964, traveling across the United States in a psychedelically painted school bus enigmatically labeled Further, and for the "Acid Tests". The Hells Angels provided security that proved far less beneficent than the security provided at the Woodstock event: 18-year-old Meredith Hunter was stabbed and killed while drawing a gun in front of the stage during The Rolling Stones performance, and four accidental deaths occurred. Bandannas, scarves, and jewelry were all very common for both women and men. Clothing was highly optional at Taylor Camp. In 2005, Glastonbury festival covered 900 acres (3.6km2) and attracted 150,000 people. "[New Mexico] had a reputation as being an arty, spiritual place," said one hippie habitu. The name derived from "hip," a term applied to the Beats of the 1950s, such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac . in "My Odyssey Through the Underground Press, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMarty1997 (, Bugliosi (1994) describes the popular view that the Manson case "sounded the death knell for hippies and all they symbolically represented", citing, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLattin2004 (.

Clifton Larson Allen Principal Salary, Daniel Craig And Kevin Costner, Famous Black Choir Directors, Ramazzotti Amaro Substitute, Articles H